1.主語從句中的虛擬語氣主語從句中的虛擬語氣主要取決于某些形容詞和過去分詞,用來表示建議、命令、要求、其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。
常這樣用的形容詞有:
appropriate適當(dāng)?shù)腶dvisable適當(dāng)?shù)模侠淼腷etter較好的desirable理想的essential精華的 imperative迫切的important重要的insistent堅持的natural自然的necessary必要的preferable優(yōu)越的,較好的strange奇怪的urgent緊迫的vital極其重要的
過去分詞有:
desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。
例如:
It is essential that you (should) win the voters’hearts.贏得選民的心是絕對必要的。
It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提議他應(yīng)該參加俱樂部的活動。
2.表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣在表示建議、命令、主張、目的和愿望等名詞后面的表語從句和同位語從句中謂語動詞要求使用虛擬語氣。其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。
常這樣用的名詞有:
resolution決心,決議pray懇求decision決議motion提議suggestion建議preference選擇proposal 提議advice勸告recommendation推薦desire愿望demand要求requirement要求order命令necessity必要性request要求idea主意、想法例如:
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令熱情款待這些客人。
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提議我們應(yīng)該擯棄這些不良習(xí)性。
3.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
1)某些動詞后所接賓語從句中的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣,用來表示建議、命令和要求等。其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。常這樣用的動詞有:
ask要求advise勸告determine決定decide決定command命令insist堅持intend打算move提議prefer寧愿 propose提議order命令recommend推薦request要求require要求suggest建議urge主張demand要求 desire渴望direct命令例如:
He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推遲那個會議。
They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他們建議所有的計劃都應(yīng)該在會上討論。
2)在以it為形式賓語的復(fù)合賓語從句中也可以用虛擬語氣,其形式為:(should)+動詞原形。這一句型中使用的形容詞(賓補)與主語從句中的虛擬語氣所使用的形容詞相同。例如:
We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting.我們認(rèn)為他在行動之前好好考慮一下才是明智的。
3)wish后面所跟的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣表示某種不能實現(xiàn)的愿望。
其主要形式有三種:
表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬:wish +主語+動詞過去式或were表示對過去情況的虛擬:wish +主語+ had +過去分詞表示對將來情況的虛擬:wish +主語+ would +動詞原形。
4. if條件句中的虛擬語氣形式
1)if非真實條件句所表示的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的,句中的主句與氣。
在if非真實虛擬條件句中,主句和從句謂語動詞主要有下面幾種形式:
假設(shè)類型條件從句謂語動詞形式主句謂語動詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞過去時(be用were)Should(would,could,might)+動詞原形與過去事實相反Had +過去分詞Should(would,could, might)+ have +過去分詞與將來事實可能相反動詞過去時(should+動詞原形,were to +動詞原形)Should(would,could,might)+動詞原形
If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.假如沒有引力,我們就不可能行走。
I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told.假如別人不告訴我,我就不知道這些東西是干什么的了。
2)正式文體中,有時可把虛擬條件句中的連詞if省去,而將were,had, should等助動詞(不包括行為動詞)提到主語前面。如果句中沒有were,had或should時,既不能省略if,也不能倒裝。例如:
Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should ask him about it.要是我明天見到他,我就會問他這件事的。
Had I had the money last year (= If I had had the money last year), I would have bought the house.如果我去年有了這筆錢,我就買那所房子了。
Should there be any trouble with the boiler, the automatic controlling unit would cut off the fuel oil supply.假如鍋爐出問題的話,自控裝置會自動切斷燃油的供給。
3)通常情況下,在非真實條件句中主句和從句的謂語動詞所指時間是一致的,但有時也可能指不同的時間,這時要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語動詞形式。例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.我要是你,我就采納了他的建議。(從句指現(xiàn)在,主句指過去)
If the weather had been more favorable, the crop would be growing still better.如果氣候更適宜一些,莊稼會長得更好。(從句指過去,主句指現(xiàn)在)
5.含蓄虛擬條件句
1)有時假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句形式表示出來,而是通過一個介詞短語或其他方式表示。常用的詞或短語有:without, but for, but that, otherwise, or, but等。例如:
Without your help (=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.要是沒有你的幫助,我們就不會成功的。
But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.要是沒有電,就不會有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.他當(dāng)時正與他的學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論,否則的話他就來幫我們了。
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.他昨天很累,不然他就參加那個聚會了。